Brainwaves are patterns of electrical activity in the brain. Brainwaves can be measured using an EEG, and can provide an indication of the mental state of the individual. For example, different brainwave patterns are observed when a person is asleep, having a seizure, in a coma, concentrating or meditating. People can learn to change their brainwave patterns using neurotherapy.
Sources:
Peniston, E. & Kulkosky, P. "Alpha-theta brainwave training and beta-endorphin levels in alcoholics." Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 1989 13:271-279.
Swingle, P. Biofeedback for the Brain. Rutgers University Press: 2008.

